J B Priestleys use of language, character, and setting for dramatic effect in An Inspector Calls Essay Example

J B Priestleys utilization of language, character, and setting for emotional impact in An Inspector Calls Essay This article will look at the manner by which J. B. Priestley utilizes sensational impact in his 1945 play An Inspector Calls. The play is fixated on an Inspector who gatecrashes the Birlings commitment gathering to their little girl Sheila and her Fiance Gerald croft, by reporting that prior in the day a young lady called Eva Smith, otherwise called Daisy Renton, ended it all by drinking a container of disinfectant. The Inspector gradually advances around every one of the Birlings and Gerald and asks them each a progression of inquiries which brings about every one of the characters being persuaded that they are to be faulted for her demise. In this exposition I will dive into the period and setting of when the play was composed, examine the language utilized just as the utilization of characters, the setting and the class of the play. An Inspector Calls was written in 1945, however set multi week before the Titanic set sail in 1912 the late Edwardian Era. I feel this was done intentionally in light of the fact that J. B. Priestley may have planned to pass on his hopefulness about World war one and how he thought a World War wouldnt start. After World war two, I feel it was suitable to discharge An Inspector Calls only for a basic profound quality play of which the ethics could be not all things are what it appears and no one can really tell what will occur. I feel this is because of emotional incongruity as from the window ornament opening there are numerous references towards calamities since the beginning like the Titanic soaking in the center of the Atlantic Ocean, in the wake of colliding with an Iceberg. Priestley passes on his positive thinking here as Mr. Birling says; the Titanic she cruises one week from now. We will compose a custom paper test on J B Priestleys utilization of language, character, and setting for emotional impact in An Inspector Calls explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on J B Priestleys utilization of language, character, and setting for sensational impact in An Inspector Calls explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on J B Priestleys utilization of language, character, and setting for sensational impact in An Inspector Calls explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Another explanation of which I feel that the dramatist was a decent discharge at the time was for the differentiations between the upper and lower classes inside society. In 1912, there were solid divisions between the upper and lower classes, yet after World War one, and World War two, the Holocaust, the Titanic sinking, and the Atom bomb, there was an incredible need for social change between the upper and lower classes for the nation to remain together in case of another fiasco happening. As this social change had occurred, the impact on the crowd was probably going to be enormous, and would make both the upper and the lower class crowds acknowledge exactly how awful the privileged rewarded the lower class during the pre-war period. All through the play, the high society crowd ought to have seen that they exploited the lower class populace. I along these lines feel that one of J. B. Priestleys aims for composing the play was to pass on how the lower class were treated before the principal World war, and he does this by depicting Eva Smith as helpless, frail and normal. This can increase most extreme effect on the crowd as Evas character is developed gradually and sincerely all through the play. This idea is appeared as the Birlings and Gerald Croft exploit her and hence ends her own life. All through the dramatist, J. B. Priestley utilizes numerous emotional strategies and conveys these impacts well. One way that the strain is continued is by utilizing sensational incongruity. This is an event when a character makes expectations about the future now the past and the crowd realize that these forecasts have been demonstrated false, a model being when Mr. Birling says The Germans dont need war. No one needs war, with the exception of some half acculturated people in the Balkans, yet the crowd definitely realize that the Germans wanted a war and was named World War one. Presently the crowd are probably going to feel that Mr. Birling is a totally over-stubborn board. This permits the crowd to draw in and get engaged with the play by replying back and saying gracious, however yes that has happened you fool! I additionally feel the explanation that Mr. Birling says these sentences is on the grounds that J. B. Priestley is passing on his confidence through Mr. Birlings terrific talks to get his focuses over. Another strategy used to keep strain all through the exhibition is by the way that every individual from the family appears to have had some inclusion with Evas demise. This strain prompts an example of new snippets of data being submitted, in this way building up the story and making the crowd inspired by how each character responds to the disclosures engaged with the play. I feel that one of the most emotional impacts is made when the Inspector is acquainted with the Birlings. Monitor Goole is sudden and comes to the heart of the matter for instance when hes depicting Evas realistic demise; Two hours prior a young lady kicked the bucket in the hospital consumed her back to front obviously. This statement is rehashed around multiple times in the play, and is a decent methods for keeping up the pressure inside the play, by showing that something considerable will happen rather soon whether this is something that somebody is going to state or something that somebody will do. The Inspector doesnt part with any pieces of information about her demise, yet he ensures that strain is kept by saying something and making the Birlings polish off the story, mentioning to him what has been going on. This makes the crowd watch the play mindfully to the end. I likewise feel that the Inspectors job is significant as he keeps the pace of the plot running easily. This is done as he manages each line of enquiry in turn, and Evas life is disentangled before the crowds eyes ensuring that every one of the characters of the play has an equivalent measure of accuse endless supply of them for her passing. Before the finish of act one, the Inspector is in finished control of the family and the circumstance that theyre in. He does this step by step from his passageway. His passageway is compelling, and he talks almost no toward the start, and makes Mr. Birling feel restless. As Mr. Birling poses the inquiry; Some difficulty about a warrant? the Inspector forebodingly answers No, Mr. Birling. The third line of this discussion is when Mr. Birling starts to get irritated at the Inspectors little correspondence with him, and he asks Well, what is it at that point? ith a hint of anxiety. This is only one of the numerous events when the Inspector utilizes just a couple of words for a sentence, and causes the crowd to feel that the Inspector will depend on the Birlings and Gerald to do the greater part of the talking except if he is posing an inquiry. The Inspector controls the family by making out that he knows all that has gone on. He is by all accounts an accomplished Inspector as he probab ly is aware how to get the data that he needs. The way that he appears to know all that has gone on makes different characters act nonsensically and accordingly the crowd will appreciate the play significantly more than they would have in the event that they didnt think he realized what he was discussing. I accept that the dramatists plot unwinds very well. The manner of speaking of the characters is essential towards the play since it is one way that the crowd gets the chance to see the characters splitting and it gives us that theyre concealing things that the Inspector isnt intended to hear. This is very significant in light of the fact that not at all like different plays this play doesnt contain soliloquys, which give an understanding towards the considerations and the sentiments of the characters. The most significant piece of the play is the point at which the telephone rings and it resounds that a young lady has only passed on in the Infirmary, and that an Inspector will bring in the blink of an eye to interrogate them concerning her demise. This is successful as the crowd have just heard the evil story and will at that point feel that the Birlings either got what they merit, or will identify with them feeling that they shouldnt be gotten through the entirety of the scrutinizing once more. Language in this particular play has a capable impact on the crowd. The sentence structure of the play is critical. This incorporates the length of sentences inside the play, the jargon, and the basic importance inferred by the characters. The language in this play is crucial towards the advancement of the story. Mr. Birling talks in since a long time ago, scattered speechs and toward the start, hes very sure about his long discourses to the family, in spite of the fact that Mr. Birlings certainty is soon enough supplanted with dread and self defense however I feel that he is on edge for an inappropriate good reasons, as he just appears to think about his knighthood and not the way that a young lady has kicked the bucket on account of his family. I in this way feel Mr. Birlings talks rely upon how much hes in charge of a circumstance and how glad he is. This is shown as he acts like a fickle kid in the event that he gets wrapped up, hellfire storm out, which is obvious on page twenty one of the play as the Inspector says Thats pretty much what I was thinking before today asty mess somebodys made of it. Mr. Birling who is Provincial in his discourse utilizes heroic jargon on an everyday premise he doesnt utilize the least difficult of terms for things. The jargon he utilizes wouldnt be utilized too uninhibitedly in todays society, nor too regularly in the nineteen forties so demanding Mr. Birlings point is to be on the upper piece of the high society, when al l he is, is Middle Class (I will talk about social class later in my article). This jargon additionally accelerates the encounters in the room all through the play, in light of the fact that without acknowledging, he is burrowing a bigger and bigger gap to escape. The utilization of everyday terms is successful non

Reforms in progressive era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changes in dynamic period - Essay Example Individuals in progressivism accepted that issues inside the general public, for example, viciousness, neediness, prejudice, unforeseen weakness, class fighting, and covetousness could be tended to through the arrangement of a more secure condition, great instruction, fair government, and proficient working environment. Progressives were individuals living in urban communities, had an advanced degree, and were of the possibility that the legislature could be an operator of progress (Schlesinger, 2003). Key changes One of the regions that were of focus for changes by the progressives was the immediate or aberrant effects of the high rush of movement and industrialization in the nineteenth century. From 1900 to 1910, about 8.8 million migrants entered the US, a significant number of whom were from districts, religions, and ethnic gatherings that were not quite the same as American outsiders from Western Europe. Those originating from southern Europe offered modest work that bolstered t he fast developing businesses and were in their high numbers in thickly populated urban zones. Government officials and ideological groups began to focus on these migrants to seek after their own objectives. Then again, the unexpected frailty care, lodging, and sanitation, just as the expanded utilization of kid work in manufacturing plants and homes turned into a concentration for reformers (Schlesinger, 2003). ... Accordingly, enactment setting up least security and lodging gauges were presented (Schlesinger, 2003). One of the most prevailing individuals of the dynamic period was Theodore Roosevelt. He is on record for bringing changes that changed people’s government assistance and the economy on the loose. One such change is the development government controls inside the economy by making new force for composed work to oversee and apply influence against bosses. Thusly, Roosevelt assumed direct jobs in completion work questions, and in certain events took steps to utilize the military to settle debates between coal mineshaft proprietors and diggers (Schlesinger, 2003). The new arrangement The new arrangement was a thought made by Roosevelt when he began extending the administration so as to concoct organizations that would secure various gatherings of residents, for example, ranchers and laborers. This was fundamentally to shield individuals from the extraordinary discouragement and m aterial emergency by empowering residents to scrutinize the forces of organizations. In doing as such, Roosevelt reinforced the official, affected political arrangement and characterized plans for future political discussions (Schlesinger, 2003). Change in the new arrangement Social security Act This was an administrative demonstration, which shaped standardized savings framework in the US. The demonstration was marked into law by Roosevelt in 1935, and it made a social protection program intended to pay resigned works matured 65 years or more established some pay after retirement. The demonstration shaped an arrangement of protection for the jobless, crippled and the matured dependent on the business and worker commitments. A great part of the subsidizing originated from charges existing specialists (Schlesinger, 2003). Tennessee valley authority This is a governmentally claimed enterprise

Organizational Diagnosis Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company

Authoritative Diagnosis Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company Clearing segment shifts, mechanical advances, rivalry, geopolitical realignments, and other related weights are blending with worries for security, new client inclinations and hierarchical administration to make groundbreaking weight for authoritative change (Howard, 1994).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Organizational Diagnosis: Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The attention to this variety of elements is basically significant since it alert’s supervisors and other invested individuals to a need to have some mediation gauges set up to take care of their organizations’ relevant natural settings and to settle on the most ideal approach to manage them. The fundamental rule is that associations need to consistently change to adjust to the natural factors or hazard unimportance (Harrison Shirom, 1999). This paper purposes to assess hierarchical conclusion for change at Translines Logistics Company. The above named organization has been encountering diminishing business disregarding the way that it was a market chief in coordinations and bundle conveyance benefits a few years back. Late government guidelines expecting load to be cleared from the port inside 24 hours or hazard hardened punishments have not improved the situation, and the organization is losing cash charged as punishments for late freight leeway. Additionally, clients have been dwelling grievances about late or deferred load conveyance to their distribution centers, and some have just left the organization because of this issue. As indicated by Harrison Shirom (2007), hierarchical determination fundamentally involves â€Å"†¦investigations that draw on ideas, models, and strategies from the conduct sciences so as to inspect an organization’s current state and assist customers with discovering approaches to take care of issues or improve authoritative effective ness† (p. 7). In the wake of directing a progression of meetings with directors at the company’s port and administrative centers, it turned out to be evident that the current authoritative structure and innovation can't allow leeway of freight inside 24 hours and, in that capacity, doesn't fit the ebb and flow circumstance as directed by the administration regulation.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A nearby perception of the organization trucks as they moved about shipping freight to different goals uncovered that drivers were surely halting while in transit to take part in personal business. An examination of organization reports identifying with freedom and payload holding uncovered a lot of layers of power, in this manner time wastage. For instance, a load required the marks of 5 supervisors for it to be discharged, and a portion of t he directors were ever missing from the workplace. Note that the analysis utilized Bolman Deal’s Four Frames Model to distinguish these fundamental issues that created incapable results for the organization (Noolan, 2004). In outcome, obviously the authoritative structure should be changed so it is lined up with the present circumstance that requires quicker load leeway. In changing the hierarchical structure, endeavors ought to be made to lessen the layers of expert in a technique planned for profiting load to clients inside the assigned time period. Third, the organization needs an all out upgrade of its data framework to require payload leeway online as opposed to doing it physically. This won't just spare time, however it will empower the organization to spare basic assets as far as compensation bills and office space. In conclusion, the organization could consider putting resources into cutting edge satellite following frameworks to screen the exercises of drivers while working. This will go far to abridge utilization of legitimate time for individual purposes, a factor that has been straightforwardly connected to the expanded client upsetting with the organization. As per the Four Frames model, each authoritative change has some human ramifications, and it ought to be the capacity of progress specialists or advisors to consistently guarantee that the association is custom-made to meet the human needs (Noolan, 2004). In any case, the change advanced in this kind of circumstance may over the long haul have a few ramifications for the workers by excellence of the way that a few chiefs may must be ventured down or moved to different areas to clear route for rearranging the authoritative structure to diminish the layers of power. All things considered, a few representatives will be supplanted by the cutting edge data framework to be actualized to guarantee that freight is cleared from the port inside the assigned time span. Drivers, on their part, shou ld be observed through satellite to guarantee they convey on schedule. These suggestions, however they may seem cruel to workers, will go far to adjust the requirements of the association to its business procedures and the foreseen results. To stay serious and practical, associations must adjust their change endeavors to the drawn out business plan and key targets (Franken et al., 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Organizational Diagnosis: Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More as of now referenced, there exists an assortment of variables inside the natural setting of associations that drives change (Howard, 1994). In this specific situation, the main driver of progress is the unexpected move in government guidelines, that is, the presentation of another guideline expecting organizations to clear their load inside 24 hours or hazard punishments. As indicated by Franken et al (2009), a significant number of the variables that drive change are interrelated, and this can be drawn here by the way that the legislature more likely than not thought about the presence of a specific sort of innovation that can encourage load leeway inside a shorter time span. Against this background, it very well may be contended that the intermingling of innovation is one more driver of progress. Third, moving client desires and new serious dangers can likewise be recognized as different drivers of progress. The client more likely than not thought about different rivals in the market and their conveyance ability looked at against what Tlanslines was advertising. Manuela Clara (n.d.) are of the sentiment that â€Å"†¦the explanations behind the disappointment of many change activities can be found in protection from change† (p. 3). Resistance to change presents expenses and hindrances in the change procedure that are inarguably testing to foresee, however which must be properly viewed as when starting changes in an association. In this specific circumstance, obstruction might be foreseen from administrators who should lose their positions or be moved somewhere else trying to decrease the layers of power and smooth out the authoritative structure. Second, obstruction might be foreseen from truck drivers who may feel awkward with being followed by means of satellite to guarantee quicker conveyance of load. Third, opposition may originate from individual representatives who might be questionable about their occupations and different advantages when computerization of the load freedom framework is completely executed. From the ID of the basic factors that have influenced the business results of Tlanslines, it tends to be suggested that auxiliary and authoritative changes be started towards requiring the organization meet the administration activities and stay serious in business. Such changes will be in accordance with the company’s lo ng haul business objective of staying a market head in the transportation business.Advertising Searching for look into paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It is additionally suggested that the organization receives innovation systems that will inarguably encourage quicker freedom of freight and quicker conveyance of the equivalent to clients. Such a course of action will to a huge degree help the organization to keep up its upper hand in the commercial center. At long last, it is suggested that all representatives be engaged with the change procedure to diminish obstruction and make it a triumph. Reference List Franken, An., Edwards, C., Lambert, R (2009). Executing Strategic Change: Understanding the Critical Management Elements that prompts Success. California Management Review, 51(3), 49-73. Recovered from Business Source Premier Database Harrison, M.., Shirom, A. (1999). Hierarchical finding and evaluation: Bridging hypothesis and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc Howard, A. (1994). Analysis for hierarchical change: Methods and models. New York, NY: The Guilford Press Manuela, P.V., Clara, M.F. (n.d.) Resistance t o Change: A Literature Review and Empirical Study. Recovered from https://www.uv.es/~pardoman/resistencias.PDF Noolan, J.A.C. (2004). Indicative models: An Introduction. Web.

Italian Neorealism and National Cinema

The inquiry whether to consider a specific film some portion of national film is as yet unanswered. What is national film? What isolates it from different types of film sorts? What makes it part of ones culture and how can it enlighten personality and energy? Movies are regularly depicted as society’s reflections or portrayals. Due to films’ usage and enunciation of visual symbolisms, narrating turns out to be progressively striking and solidly introduced. Notwithstanding that, the nearness of alive entertainers and on-screen characters makes film more in contact with the real world. This is one preferred position that movies have over other national craftsmanship and fortunes, for example, writing and music. The reality of the situation is, it is a mix of both writing, music, visual and performing expressions. On the off chance that the network renders such thoughts about national film, at that point the directs of rationale and reason promptly show that every single highlighted movie appeared in enormous screens are portions of a greater picture known as national film. Notwithstanding, the issue is that individuals from the academe and researchers the same appear to be awkward in settling to such a thought. National Cinema Keith Cameron noticed that in talking about national film, there are â€Å"axis of reflections† that ought to be considered [1]. These are the way wherein films are â€Å"enunciated.† [2] The subsequent one relates to various messages and pictures that these movies need to advance or imply.[3] The last however certainly not the least, is the manner by which to find these movies inside the national context.[4] These three perspectives are critical to this specific conversation. This would bring a superior contextualization of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves and how it fits in into the national film classification. As indicated by Cameron, there are three different ways to articulate movies and that depends on the genuine structure and substance of the film in question, the investigations and conversations that are given to it and the foundations in which these movies are appeared and made accessible to people in general. [5] With this respect, Cameron questions the separation of well known film from national film. Above all else, Cameron appear to suggest that albeit a few movies or creations are bolstered by the legislature or regardless of whether the nation include, for example, France for instance discharges enormous quantities of film, these by themselves can't generally characterize national cinema’s genuine significance. On the off chance that such is the situation, it appears that the term national film is excessively including yet excessively explicit. It is enveloping since, it fundamentally includes films inside the area and explicit, since every one of these true to life creations experiences according to different pundits and individuals from the scholastic intellectual elite. This carries us to the second method of articulation which has something to do with the talks that are ascribed to a specific film. As a general rule, to decide if a film would best fit under the national setting depends on the investigations that deconstruct each fixing that encapsulates a privately delivered film. Then again, Cameron appear to infer that specific associations which are effectively engaged with saving these movies assume a significant job in film classificationâ€so much in this way, that a nearby film can't be considered as a component of national film except if these organizations tells so. Going to the subsequent pivot, it is essential to take a gander at various images and symbolisms that are inserted in the film. National film will in general portray cultural and fundamental issues. Such promptly advances patriotism, personality, culture and history. In any case, there are additionally events wherein the political structure of a nation or express, that are frequently clear in oversight administers likewise influence the entire story. Political strife can either fortify the incorporation of nationalistic backings and developments in film components or it can quietness these gems and change it into minor items. Concerning the instance of the third hub, Cameron noticed that finding films inside the national setting ought to be analyzed as a blend of various film types that are available inside the nation. Majority appear to be a significant factor in characterizing films as a feature of national film that are separated by six typologies, for example, the accompanying: â€Å"narratives, sorts, codes and shows, gesturality and morphology, the star as the sign and the film of the inside and of the periphery.† [6] Italian Neorealism and National Cinema Given this circumstance close by, there is no uncertainty that national film, most particularly in Italy has taken the consideration of many. Angelo Restivo clarified that an examination films that are not delivered in Hollywood promptly shows that broad investigations and inquires about has been directed towards Italian cinema.[7] Based from this contention, unmistakably, Italian movies epitomize the second method of articulation wherein it concerns the talks that rotate around the movie fundamentally. Probably the greatest commitment of Italy in the realistic world is the ascent of a class all the more prevalently known as Neorealism. [8] The characterizing attributes of Neorealism are its solid accentuation on social and financial just as political portrayal of society. [9] Maria Prammaggiore and Tom Wallis explained that the ascent of this film sort happened during World War II’s repercussions. Roberto Rossellino, Vittorio De Sica and Luchnio Visconti are considered as the fundamental advocates of the said film development. [10] This has promptly contributed into the development and improvement of craftsmanship films that are being offered in people in general. With this respect, there is a need to comprehend national film and its apparently inescapable combination with Neorealism. In the event that Neorealism started during the time whereinâ networks are torn with war and neediness, at that point the film type is relied upon to be a piece of a much different classification, which is obviously national film. An assessment of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves appears to mirror the social difficulties that are available in Italy. The Bicycle Thieves is an account of a battling man who is edgy to find a great job in the city. He has a family to raise and ordinary costs are equal to regular condemnations. Ricci, who is the fundamental hero of the story, is in desperate need of a bike since it is one of the job’s essential prerequisites. Openings for work are rare and there are additionally different candidates who are promptly equipped for the position. So as to land the position, he and his significant other pawned a portion of their valuable belongings to get a bicycle. The world truly disintegrated during the war. Economies dropped down and more people were denied to have a good methods for living. This is all around explained in the film. Ricci’s endeavors speak to the encounters of a person that is in outrageous destitution and franticness. Consequently, it tends to mirror the estimations of people who are additionally inundated in such circumstance. Italy isn't saved from the war’s effect and De Sica demonstrated that even an extraordinary city experience extreme issues. Therefore, the social and monetary part of national film for this situation is as of now showed. Besides, since Neorealism, as the term authenticity portrays, underscores catching reality on screen or if nothing else being shut to reality thusly. So as to achieve this, conversational language and common settings are promptly used to instill the â€Å"real† impact. [11] In the primary scene alone, Ricci’s condition as of now shows extraordinary destitution. Characteristic sounds are essentially not altered or cleaned so as to introduce the real factors of the movie’s setting and consequently its simulation is promptly diminished. The striking methods of authenticity and simultaneously, the cases of national film make an ideal mix. Maybe it tends to be best clarified that Neorealism falls under the classification of national film. Out of the need to live and endure, Ricci turned into a bike hoodlum as well. Obviously, this circumstance shows war’s remainders. There is the battle to live all through the entire war as such. However, the fight is significantly harder when on the most proficient method to proceed with life after the episode. The utilization of close-up shots in the film further increases the dramatization that is introduced in the film. Nonetheless, De Sica doesn't appear to put a lot of significance on shows that are filled sentimental notionsâ€but rather on what is obvious on the planet. Linda Badley, Barton Palmer and Steven Schneider [12] clarified that inquiries regarding Neorealism have something to do with deficient financing. The crude and natural styles that it highlights are due to legitimate need instead of unadulterated elaborate and stylishly related methods, as indicated by its faultfinders. In any case, of course, Badly, Palmet and Schneider examined that â€Å"on-location† shoots are significantly increasingly costly since certain components, for example, the climate and lighting can't be controlled and that it ought to experience a progression of completing contacts for it to catch the ideal impact. [13] National film as recently talked about is a festival of society’s ordinary issues. De Sica and his incredible intrigue and intensity want in advancing Neorealism is a solid case of a great national film. Unequivocally, the negligible truth that Neorealism manages reality basically implies that national qualities and encounters are featured. The visual symbolisms that are utilized in Bicycle Thieves mean a solid introduction of Italy’s past political and social changes that must be stood up to. The mean to portray this reality goes connected at the hip with the target to promptly support an indispensable change that is fundamental in Italy’s people group. Because of this, national film changes into a fine art deserving of applause and acknowledgment. Catalog Badley, L, R Palmer& S Schneider. Conventions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006 Cameron, C,  National Identity. Mind Books, Great Britain, 1991 Prammagi

The U.S. police force - 825 Words

The U.S. police force (Essay Sample) Content: The U.S Law Enforcers as the Policemen of the World HIS105 11/22/15 The U.S Law Enforcers as the Policemen of the World Introduction The United States is termed as the world's superpower. While there are many factors that have contributed to the country having the title, its high level of military and policing capabilities is the main issue that has also seen the country earning the title "policemen of the world." As a result, the US has been involved in many military and policing issues outside of its borders. The main purpose of this paper is to review events and situations that led to the US being termed as the policemen of the world as well as some incidences within the last five years when the US used military action abroad. Two International Events from the Past Five Years that Can Be Traced back to a Foreign Policy Created after the Civil War The US Military Involvement in Afghanistan Combat Mission in 2011 After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S sent its troops to Afghanistan in an attempt to eliminate possible Taliban targets in the country; it was an activity that lasted till the year 2011. Besides, the U.S Army was to aid the training of the Afghan National Army in the fight against the same group (Tardelli, 2014). The US Military Involvement in Iraq in 2008- 2012 The U.S soldiers invaded Iraq to end Saddam Hussein's regime that was suspected of allowing the construction of WMD's used in terrorism activities. This move also aimed at driving terrorists out of Iraq and free the Iraq people from oppressive leadership. Once the weapons were discovered, they were destroyed by the U.S. troops (Tardelli, 2014). Three Factors in the U.S. History since 1865 that Have Led to the Rise of the U.S. Police Force to Become a World's Superpower The US citizens control high levels of economy, thus providing stability. Therefore, they are in control a greater percentage of investments in the US, thus reducing the level of interference of US decisions. With a stable economic base, the U.S government can invest heavily in different military and police agencies. The force has the ability to financially aid all its activities without external intervention. Dependency on other bodies for aid would lead to interference of these agencies' operations; other countries would like to impose their ideas about how the agencies' are supposed to operate (Sargent, 2015). The US has over the time built and developed strong partnership relationships and friendship with other countries which invite the US military to get involved in their security and anti-terrorism affairs. The U.S has been supportive to many countries with regards to economic development, finance and security issues. It has improved the relationship between the U.S and other countries who invite it to form military bases in their countries (Sargent, 2015). This way, it has been able to develop a wide military basein many world countries. The US has developed an extremely skilled, resourceful and wealthy military and police agency than anyone else in the whole world. The U.S governments set aside ample revenue for financing the policing activities. The recruitment procedures are outlined in a manner that the police are adequately trained for the task force ahead of them. With adequate resources and the needed skills, the U.S has continued to produce a strong army compared to other countries in the world (Sargent, 2015). Five International Events that Have Occurred after World War II in which the U.S has Undertaken Policing Roles The US Policing Role in Korea, 1946 In the year 1945, the Soviet Union invaded Korea with an aim of seizing some of its regions and also spread communism. The U.S intervened to stop the spread of communism and also defend Korea from external aggression. The former wanted to defend Korea since it was a sovereign state, and it wanted to aid it in reunification using its formulated rules. The US Policing Role in Lebanon, 1958 The U.S military invaded Lebanon due to political upheavals that had been caused by religious and political tension. The U.S played a crucial diplomatic part by encouraging discussions between these aggressive adversaries. Besides, the presence of the U.S army in the region hindered political upheavals. This way, a likely civil war was avoided in Lebanon between Christian, Muslim and political activists. The US Policing Role in Panama Canal, 1978 During the cold war era, there was tension that communist ideas would spread at Panama, which was previously under the U.S control. In 1978, treaties were signed between the U.S and Panama to pass the autonomy of the canal to Panama (Smith, 2010). The U.S army ensured that this was peacefully executed and defended the region against external aggression. The US Policing Role in Somalia, 1990 Following the political turmoil that was present in Somalia caused by rebel groups, the U.S forces moved to the country in 1990. The police led operations to offer humanitarian assistance, secure all relief centers and provide political effort to end the wars. The U.S police secured many civilians from the political wars and offered them the necessary aid (Smith, 2010). The US Policing Role in Libya, 2011 Libya citizens' demonstrated for democracy, after what the government reacted by attacking them. The U.S termed these acts to be a crime against humanity. The U.S deployed its forces to Libya in 2011 to protect the citizens (Tardelli, 2014). Besides, the U.S police tried to advocate for democracy in the re...

Navigating 529 Plans Through a Rough Market

Financial Professional Content The stock market certainly hasn't been kind to investors so far this year. In fact, U.S. stocks broke a record for biggest fall during the first five days of January, and experts predict we can expect more volatility to come. So what does that mean for your clients with long-term investments like retirement and college savings plans? How you can you provide proper guidance to families who are tempted to make a drastic change based on fear? We asked three experts from the college savings industry about how their customers have been reacting when they saw their 529 plan balances drop, and the approach they recommend for this type of environment. Here's what they had to say: Reactions to volatility What types of reactions has the industry been seeing from families saving for college? According to Keith Bernhardt, Vice President of College Planning at Fidelity Investments, "Fidelity's call volumes have been up modestly during the past few weeks. When the markets are volatile and dropping, investors call seeking answers. They express concern, but not panic, and most are checking their account balances and seeking guidance, but they remain invested," he said. "During the last bout of market volatility back in August, we saw a slight uptick in customers reaching out to discuss their overall financial plans. Market disruption often reminds consumers to take action, and to put a plan in place to achieve their financial goals, including saving for college," he commented. Daniel Reyes, Principal, Advised Portfolio Solutions at Vanguard, and his team recognize that market volatility is on the minds of investors and are thinking of ways to provide guidance to college savers. What's more, volatility can be surprising for families saving for college, especially if they've chosen an age-based option within a 529 plan. "What's interesting about this particular spurt of volatility in the markets is that we've come off of a stretch over the last several years of relatively tame, relatively placid markets, and so the volatility that they're seeing right now relative to what their experience was over the last five years or so seems magnified," he says. David Malone, Director of Investment Management at Ascensus, the leading administrator of 529 college savings plans, points out that some investors may even be tempted to make changes in their portfolio based on fear. "Some market participants, compelled by fear, sell risky assets during times of trouble. Should 529 plan participants sell when market indices precipitously slide, or should they use periods of market volatility to re-evaluate circumstances before making any significant changes to their child's portfolio?" he asks. RELATED: When should you switch 529 plans? Recommendations That being said, what should you recommend to clients to ease their minds during market uncertainty? Malone suggests that investors should start by jotting down answers to a few key questions: How long has it been since you evaluated your college planning? How old is your child now? Have college plans changed? Have income, assets, or gifts to your children changed significantly? With how much turbulence can you, as a parent, stomach? "Relying on the realities of your situation instead of financial news cyclesï ¿ ½whether positive or negativeï ¿ ½can keep you grounded and focused when considering portfolio changes. It can also help you avoid making rash decisions that are based on your personal perceptions of the market's behavior," he recommends. "If your child has aged by more than a couple of years, a prudent and reasonable plan of action is to reassess your level of risk." Malone also notes that it's also important to reassess the entire family's college plan, especially if family dynamics have changed. "Consider updating all beneficiaries in all accounts to align your expected college needs with expected college needs. If this change is viable, adjustments to the portfolio should match the profile of the new beneficiary," he says. RELATED: A shortcut to comparing 529 investment option details "If your static allocation options have existed without review for a long period, then this market turbulence should give reason for you to review its appropriateness. During this review, you may consider evaluating where you are today, versus when you first invested. If your child is approaching or in college, then 529 plan assets should shift from risky assets to safer assets." Reyes advises investors to try and remain calm this year, and to try and accept that volatility is a normal part of investing. "We're always trying to tell our investors, as much as they possibly can, to tune out as much noise as they can, and try to separate the emotional part of investing," he says. According to recent analysis from Vanguard, since 1980 equity markets have seen on average a correction or bear market every two years. Global stock prices (January 1, 1980ï ¿ ½January 22, 2016) Declines Number Average return Average time from peak to trough Average time from trough to recovery Correction 12 ï ¿ ½13.7% 87 days 121 days Bear market 7 ï ¿ ½33.4% 373 days 798 days Source: Vanguard.com Reyes also reminds investors to stay focused on things they can really control, like the asset allocation in their college savings plan. "Make sure your allocations are appropriate for your time horizon and the amount of risk you're willing to take on," he says. That's easy to do if the investor is using an age-based option within a 529 plan, since an asset allocation strategy is built into the design. But for those managing their own investments who aren't sure where to start, Reyes recommends looking at the age-based options for a beneficiary of the same age as a reference point. Bernhardt also notes the benefits of investing in an age-based option during a volatile market. "Investors in target date strategies like Fidelity Freedom Funds (targeting retirement) and college 529 age-based portfolios tend to worry less about the fluctuations in the market and focus more on maintaining regular contributions. Because target date strategies are designed to get more conservative as the goal approaches, the investor can rely upon the fund manager and the design of the plan to reduce risk and equity exposure as the target date nears ï ¿ ½ in the case of 529 plans, as their child, or other beneficiary, gets closer to college age," he says. RELATED: Savingforcollege.com age-based asset allocation study Closing thoughts To reduce the amount of investment changes clients make within their college savings plans, Bernhardt suggests recommending age-based investment options. "By contributing regularly to a target date strategy, investors can remove some of the emotion that frequently paralyzes those who don't have a well thought out plan," he says. Malone also points out that change isn't always a bad thing. "In some cases, revamping 529 assets during a period of negative returns may very well be the right path. My suggestion is to let factsï ¿ ½not fearsï ¿ ½help you find the right solution. Keeping a balanced investment outlook is hard. Maintaining a prudent 529 plan does not need to be," he says. Reyes stresses the importance of discipline in a shaky market. He tells families to "resist the urge to make a dramatic change to their asst allocation," adding that this is one of the most important decisions investors can make. What's more, investors need to maintain their contributions amounts to take advantage of Dollar-Cost Averaging, which can help dampen the volatility over time. RELATED: How satisfied are consumers with their 529 plans? Financial Professional Content The stock market certainly hasn't been kind to investors so far this year. In fact, U.S. stocks broke a record for biggest fall during the first five days of January, and experts predict we can expect more volatility to come. So what does that mean for your clients with long-term investments like retirement and college savings plans? How you can you provide proper guidance to families who are tempted to make a drastic change based on fear? We asked three experts from the college savings industry about how their customers have been reacting when they saw their 529 plan balances drop, and the approach they recommend for this type of environment. Here's what they had to say: Reactions to volatility What types of reactions has the industry been seeing from families saving for college? According to Keith Bernhardt, Vice President of College Planning at Fidelity Investments, "Fidelity's call volumes have been up modestly during the past few weeks. When the markets are volatile and dropping, investors call seeking answers. They express concern, but not panic, and most are checking their account balances and seeking guidance, but they remain invested," he said. "During the last bout of market volatility back in August, we saw a slight uptick in customers reaching out to discuss their overall financial plans. Market disruption often reminds consumers to take action, and to put a plan in place to achieve their financial goals, including saving for college," he commented. Daniel Reyes, Principal, Advised Portfolio Solutions at Vanguard, and his team recognize that market volatility is on the minds of investors and are thinking of ways to provide guidance to college savers. What's more, volatility can be surprising for families saving for college, especially if they've chosen an age-based option within a 529 plan. "What's interesting about this particular spurt of volatility in the markets is that we've come off of a stretch over the last several years of relatively tame, relatively placid markets, and so the volatility that they're seeing right now relative to what their experience was over the last five years or so seems magnified," he says. David Malone, Director of Investment Management at Ascensus, the leading administrator of 529 college savings plans, points out that some investors may even be tempted to make changes in their portfolio based on fear. "Some market participants, compelled by fear, sell risky assets during times of trouble. Should 529 plan participants sell when market indices precipitously slide, or should they use periods of market volatility to re-evaluate circumstances before making any significant changes to their child's portfolio?" he asks. RELATED: When should you switch 529 plans? Recommendations That being said, what should you recommend to clients to ease their minds during market uncertainty? Malone suggests that investors should start by jotting down answers to a few key questions: How long has it been since you evaluated your college planning? How old is your child now? Have college plans changed? Have income, assets, or gifts to your children changed significantly? With how much turbulence can you, as a parent, stomach? "Relying on the realities of your situation instead of financial news cyclesï ¿ ½whether positive or negativeï ¿ ½can keep you grounded and focused when considering portfolio changes. It can also help you avoid making rash decisions that are based on your personal perceptions of the market's behavior," he recommends. "If your child has aged by more than a couple of years, a prudent and reasonable plan of action is to reassess your level of risk." Malone also notes that it's also important to reassess the entire family's college plan, especially if family dynamics have changed. "Consider updating all beneficiaries in all accounts to align your expected college needs with expected college needs. If this change is viable, adjustments to the portfolio should match the profile of the new beneficiary," he says. RELATED: A shortcut to comparing 529 investment option details "If your static allocation options have existed without review for a long period, then this market turbulence should give reason for you to review its appropriateness. During this review, you may consider evaluating where you are today, versus when you first invested. If your child is approaching or in college, then 529 plan assets should shift from risky assets to safer assets." Reyes advises investors to try and remain calm this year, and to try and accept that volatility is a normal part of investing. "We're always trying to tell our investors, as much as they possibly can, to tune out as much noise as they can, and try to separate the emotional part of investing," he says. According to recent analysis from Vanguard, since 1980 equity markets have seen on average a correction or bear market every two years. Global stock prices (January 1, 1980ï ¿ ½January 22, 2016) Declines Number Average return Average time from peak to trough Average time from trough to recovery Correction 12 ï ¿ ½13.7% 87 days 121 days Bear market 7 ï ¿ ½33.4% 373 days 798 days Source: Vanguard.com Reyes also reminds investors to stay focused on things they can really control, like the asset allocation in their college savings plan. "Make sure your allocations are appropriate for your time horizon and the amount of risk you're willing to take on," he says. That's easy to do if the investor is using an age-based option within a 529 plan, since an asset allocation strategy is built into the design. But for those managing their own investments who aren't sure where to start, Reyes recommends looking at the age-based options for a beneficiary of the same age as a reference point. Bernhardt also notes the benefits of investing in an age-based option during a volatile market. "Investors in target date strategies like Fidelity Freedom Funds (targeting retirement) and college 529 age-based portfolios tend to worry less about the fluctuations in the market and focus more on maintaining regular contributions. Because target date strategies are designed to get more conservative as the goal approaches, the investor can rely upon the fund manager and the design of the plan to reduce risk and equity exposure as the target date nears ï ¿ ½ in the case of 529 plans, as their child, or other beneficiary, gets closer to college age," he says. RELATED: Savingforcollege.com age-based asset allocation study Closing thoughts To reduce the amount of investment changes clients make within their college savings plans, Bernhardt suggests recommending age-based investment options. "By contributing regularly to a target date strategy, investors can remove some of the emotion that frequently paralyzes those who don't have a well thought out plan," he says. Malone also points out that change isn't always a bad thing. "In some cases, revamping 529 assets during a period of negative returns may very well be the right path. My suggestion is to let factsï ¿ ½not fearsï ¿ ½help you find the right solution. Keeping a balanced investment outlook is hard. Maintaining a prudent 529 plan does not need to be," he says. Reyes stresses the importance of discipline in a shaky market. He tells families to "resist the urge to make a dramatic change to their asst allocation," adding that this is one of the most important decisions investors can make. What's more, investors need to maintain their contributions amounts to take advantage of Dollar-Cost Averaging, which can help dampen the volatility over time. RELATED: How satisfied are consumers with their 529 plans?

The Culture Of An Organization - 2334 Words

The culture of an organization sets the tone for any work environment. Human resources and organizational culture works best together when an organization realizes if a potential employee is the best fit for the organization’s culture. However, the prospective employee must understand and realize if they are the best fit for the organization’s culture. Organizational culture relies on practices of the organization and how it affects the employee; it is the environment of the workplace. â€Å"Leaders first create culture when they create groups and organizations; once culture exists, they determine the criteria for leadership roles and from there, will determine who is capable of being leaders† (Schein, 2004, p. 311). Business professor, David†¦show more content†¦The organization was comprised of a very diverse group. In this setting, I was comfortable because I was surrounded by people who I could relate to. The owner introduced me to everyone and gave me a tour of the company on the first day. The owner told me to help myself to all of the snacks and sodas in the kitchen because he believed that small things in life go a long way with employees. He also told me to look around and notice the different type of people working for the company. He said, â€Å"Everyone is different, they all come from different backgrounds. Some are gay, some are straight, some are white, some are black, some are disabled and some are not; this is done purposely to create an environment where we all need each other and if you can’t approach Mike, because he’s gay or Shelly because she is Latina, then this is not the job for you†. â€Å"To manage diversity, employers must first understand and then manage their organizational cultures, defined as the values, beliefs, assumptions, expectations, attitudes, and norms shared by a majority of the organization’s members† (Pynes, 2013, p. 139). Within my first year, I learned about how diversity develops the organizational culture. I was able to recognize and understand the importance of different backgrounds working together to achieve goals. The organization molded me to be a better employee, to understand teamwork, and it allowed me to determine if I was a good fit. I had a few friends who started working for

Free Trade EU

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7631 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Free trade and competition for the EU Is it fair and in the interests of free trade and competition for the EU to impose quotas on the Chinese textile industry or is the EU guilty of protectionism? The trade relationship between the European Union and China is one that has existed for several years now. However, this relationship is one that has had its share of conflicts over the past 15 years or so, with regard to the volumes traded between the two regions. Since China entered the WTO in December 2001, trade barriers between China and the European were removed in order to ameliorate trade between the two. However, the textile and clothing product volumes that were exported from China to the EU began hurting the domestic markets in the EU. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Free Trade EU | Economics Dissertations" essay for you Create order It was due to this occurrence that the EU decided to re-apply quotas on China. In accordance with WTO principles, this is apparent violation of a developing countrys products. However, when China entered the WTO, the agreement asserted that a member may re-impose quotas on China for one year if that members markets were being hurt through Chinas export volumes of textile and clothing products. Introduction If one looks back around a hundred or more years ago, life was certainly simpler than it is today. This refers to the fact that there have been a plethora of developments that have impacted everyone. The developments that one may consider in particular are technological ones as well as intellectual ones. Some may even go as far as asserting that each of these drives the other. However, because of more awareness and technological development, life today is more complex than it was before. In every field one considers today, things are generally more complex. The business environment is a good example, as it is one that is influenced by an array of newer ideas as well as new technology. The technology mentioned here refers to the inventions or innovations that have made globalization possible. Business in todays world has to consider this macro economical phenomenon, as it is a major part of the business today. Globalization does not only affect international trade, but also has its impact on trade within each country. In addition totalling about the unavoidable globalization aspect of business today, it is important to focus on business ideas and relationships that forma major part of them. An example of trade relations is the trade relationship between Chin and the European Union. Rationale The trade relationship between the European Union and China is an interesting and important relationship to study because of the fact that it has a long history behind it. In addition to this, it is an important relationship to study because it helps to expose aspects of competition, rapid growth, as well as questions regarding free trade and protectionism. With increased emphasis in recent times on factors like free trade, its important to understand the relationship that has prevailed between China and the European Union. In addition to this, it is important to understand why there may have been changes in this long relationship over the years. More importantly, it of interest to scholars and all those associated with international business that the reasons for recent changes in the relationship. These changes include the Imposing quotas on the Chinese textile industry. Research Question In view of the relationship between the Chinese and the European Union being studied in this paper, there are several details that will be exposed. However, the main question that will be dealt with includes the following: Is it fair and in the interests of free trade and competition for thee to impose quotas on the Chinese textile industry or is the EU guilty of protectionism? In order to answer this question, there needs to be detailed study of relevant data on this subject. To begin with, there is need to explore all pertinent matter on this subject, which will be dealt with in the following section of this paper: Since technological advancements have promoted more effective communication around the world, international business has been greatly facilitated. Many economies have grown as a result of better communication. The European Union and particularly China have ameliorated their means of business because of effective communication. Certainly, these effective means have enhanced the speed with which trade has taken place. Richer countries, like those in the European Union, have had the capital in to invest in ventures across the globe, and have subsequently thrived of other markets . China on its part has been faced with the necessity of keeping up to date its communications methods and systems. This has been one of the grounds for concern in the past few years, as China is a major player in international trade. Businesses that were previously limited to UK markets have been extended to other places around the globe, as a result of globalization. Products that were freely available in one part of the world were easily spread into several others. The result of this was greater influx of revenue earned, and the chief operating office or store would benefit in its original location. This is true to say fork or US establishments that had chains in markets where labour is cheap. Certainly, with the advantage that chain store provided businesses, its no wonder why this example of international business has been highlight in the trade arena. In addition to chain stores being lucrative earning opportunities, there are several other opportunities that have risen . In terms of considering economic conditions, it can be asserted that globalization has presented businesses in countries like the UK and US with ample opportunity for outsourcing work. This is quite a common trend now as there are markets available to countries like the UK that have cheaper labour. Outsourcing to places like India is common today because UK companies are known to save a great deal of revenue. They need not hire workers in the UK because they are more costly in contrast to hiring them in India. In time to come, more and businesses will be conducted this way through hiring labour outside teak where it is cheaper. Therefore, it can be asserted that International Business is expected to undergo more changes in time to come. This is because of the fact that businesses are still in the process of realizing the scope of profits that can be earned. China is another country that has managed to take its products to other regions, and is still in the process of ameliorating its communication methods. However, it does not face significant obstacles in this regard. Technological Developments that Impact Business Today: There are several reasons why some may believe that international business is modified by technology. This is perhaps because the causes of this are more evident in their physical form. Developments such as credit cards, swipe machines and e-commerce technology, etc., are few of the things that are implemented as part of everyday business (Kennedy,2000, 34-9). With the use of credit cards, one can make an international business transaction. There is no need to travel to different parts of the world to get a particular product. Products that are affordable, like ones from China, can now be purchased while one sits at home [Taylor, 2002, 28]. Goods of various kinds are available through the Internet, and countries like China with a mass of products can serve one in almost any part of the world. This is possible because of products being available through the Internet and through payment with a credit card, etc. Here, one can see how important the establishment of the Internet has been in promoting international business too. The Internet is at the centre of technology as well as economic and political conditions too, and it is almost always considered when controls are being decided upon regarding safeguarding international business. This refers to the fact that businesses are known to exchange vital data across it during transactions or other forms of communication through it (Kennedy, 2000, 34-9). Also related to the Internet-based technology is telecommunication that has been transformed too. This type of technology has made things more convenient for business individuals in different parts of the world. Countries like China have been working to make sure their systems are up to date and capable of meeting requirements of trading partners like the EU. Today, instead of business people having to meet in person, they simply have online conferences and conversations. Even prior to signing contracts and going through with business deals, these forms of corresponding are proving to be successful. China is no stranger to these forms of communication (Kennedy, 2000, 34-9). The Trade Relationship between the European Union and China: Trade relations between different countries are important as they each form a part of a larger trade environment. Considering the China-European Union trade relationship, it can be asserted that this trade relationship indeed forma a significant part of the overall trade environment. This is because of the fact that China is third on the list of countries that the European Union trades with. What may be considered to be more significant is the fact that this trade relationship is one that has a long history to it, and has seen three different stages. Another interesting fact to note is that export and import volumes have always been on the rise between these two countries over the years in spite of obstacles coming in between these countries. The three stages through which the China and European Union trade relationship has gone through is as follows: 1. Western ostracism/Chinese self-sufficiency, 1949-1959; 2. Increasing bilateral trade development/low conflict levels, 1960-1988; and 3. EU-level trade policy/explosive trade growth/increasing trade conflict, 1989-present The first stage is the stage within which sanctions were imposed on China because of the Communist takeover. The sanctions were first imposed by the United States of America, and then were followed by the European countries. The trade volume during this period is almost not worth considering, and whatever trade did take place before these sanctions could be considered as a starting point in the trade relationship. Having sanctions imposed could in a manner of speaking mean that there was a relationship between Europe and China. Otherwise there would be no need for sanctions. The following stage in the trade relationship between China and the European Union describes a gradual increase in trade. The gradual increase in trade was later transformed into rapid trade developments[Table 1 reflects these trade development] and even agreements being signed between the two regions. Out of the different trade agreements signed during this period, it can be said that the most important of these are the agreement on commercial co-operation [1978], and the trade and economic agreement signed in [1985] . The third phase in which China and the European Union are in reflect the rapid trade progress that began in the second stage of their trade relations. Though this third stage has seen several developments, it has also seen several conflicts. However, bilateral relations still continue. The problem that seems to be most significant is that the European Union is further tightening its rules on the trade relationship with regard to specific products. The latest of these obstacles to trade between China and the European Union is the licensing quotas that have been imposed by the European Union on the import of textile from China. What do obstacles like quotas do? When two countries have traded for several years, they automatically gain an understanding between each other and trade volumes tend to expand gradually. This is similar to what exists between China and the European Union. They have traded with each other for several years, and this has led to agreements being signed between them. This has meant that trading between the two regions has become more practical, as trading obstacles were removed significantly. When trading obstacles are mentioned here it means that tariffs are removed. Precisely, this is why quotas should not be applied to any trade relationships as it introduces tariffs on trade. When tariffs are introduced, trade is less convenient, and this may even be a sign of deliberate attempts to reduce trade between two regions. In the case of China and the European Union, since the European Union has imposed licensing quotas on exports from China, it is apparent that the EU wants to mitigate textiles coming from China. This is because the EU had signed agreements that reduced tariffs and trade barriers when they traded with China (Ma, Wang, 2001, 22-5). Is There Any Specific Reason for the European Union Imposing Quotas on China? Over the years, when the EU has traded with China there has been change in the quality of exports coming from China. Previously, China had been known for its low quality products (Dong et al, 1998, 19-27).However, it can be asserted that there has been a change in the quality that China produces for the EU market. China has become increasingly aware of the fact that the EU market is quality conscious. This is because they understand that the market in several EU members is affluent. Particularly, Germany is a market that goes for high quality goods. China has therefore understood the need to develop an identity that may not have been before. Since European consumers now demonstrate shift in their attitudes, there is more scope for Chinese and other Asian countries to cater to these attitudes. A significant segment of consumers in the EU are ready to explore new brands (Lee, 2003, 20-2}.With their high expectations of new products and brands, these consumers present tremendous scope for the Chinese and other Asian countries to produce quality goods and services. Particularly in the case of the Chinese, it can be asserted that with their low cost quality goods, they can capture a great deal of the market (Fuchs,2003). In accordance with surveys, it is thought that China indeed has good chances of capturing a significant part of the European market as compared to other Asian countries. What goes in Chinas favour is the fact that they have had had a long relationship with the European Union, and consumers have taken to their products. In addition to this, Chinas prices have been more affordable than other Asian countries, considering the quantity they produce as well. It is because of this that China has managed to maintain an image as a supplier to major markets [Fuchs, 2003]. This has also helped its reputation as it has managed to align itself alongside other members of the WTO. Therefore, on its part, China has done nothing to violate the rules of the WTO (Williams et al, 2002, 577-91. Having mentioned Chinas abidance by the WTO rules, it is worth noting that China had Seventy Thousand Textile and clothing enterprises in2002, of which only twenty present are state-owned. With more than 80percent of the textile industry in the hands of the private sector, China is doing well to abide by WTO policies. Though China has been doing well, in 2002, it was predicted that China was headed for obstacles. One of the first obstacles was thought to be the increasingly strong hi-tech tendency led by information progress. Considering that there has been an immense advancement in data interchange, e-commerce and virtual trading sites, if China did not focus on these aspects it would not be able to stay in the market(Taylor et al., 2001). In addition to this, it was thought that China would have to face an expediting tendency of economic globalization and market integration marked with the World Trade Organization . Obviously China has been making progress in these directions, and this is the reason why they are still in the market and in demand as suppliers of quality products at reduced costs. Though there are still many consumers who have the impression that China continues with its low quality and bulk produced goods, there are also many consumers who are ready to explore the newer Chinese brands that aim at producing better quality to consumers in thee that have higher expectations [Fuchs, 2003]. As far as working according to the WTO expectations is concerned, China has managed to so far combat its trade functions that are not according to WTO expectations. As a result of this, China has gained through its membership, and it is ready to take further steps in order to be completely in sync with WTO standards (Yang, 2001, 437-42). One benefit that China has had since it joined the WTO is that its textile and clothing exports to the US have increase momentously. This is reflected in the fact that US textile and clothing imports from China had risen by 124 % in 2002. This was one year after China joined the WTO in 2001.Chinese exporters reduced their prices in order to gain a greater share in the market. They were able to do so, among other reasons, because quota rents were reduced and Chinese enterprises increased their productivity by investing heavily in new machinery and technology (Knapped, 2003). As a result of this, China realized that it had even greater scope for exports, and continued to work towards enhancing its quality and output in the textile and clothing industry. In 2000, Chinas output in the textile and clothing industry has stood at 97.7% while the US has stood at 76.3 %. In contrast to these high percentages, the EUs output has dropped from 53% (1980) to 29% (1995).Quite obviously, the EU textile market has been on the decline, and has also been known to undergo a continuous process of restructuring in this industry . Another interesting fact to note is that while import quotas were reduced in the past 15-20 years, Chinas exports to the EU increased bay startling 164%. In contrast to Chinas huge volume of export to thee in the category of textile and clothing, other countries only increased their exports to the EU by 10 % . Since the USA and the EU both had anticipated such a situation in which China would overwhelm domestic markets in these two countries [in the category of textile and clothing products], when China entered the Wrother agreement included allowing any member to re-impose quotas in order to safeguard themselves. The agreement allowed any member to impose quotas for a period of one year between 2005 and 2008, but this was only in the case of domestic markets being affected in the USA and thee . What Does the WTO Say About Discrimination? It is known that agreements formed between member countries are meant to benefit all members as a whole. It is rare that agreements intrude discriminate against some countries. In order to prevent discrimination in trade taking place, the WTO has set standards that are to be followed closely. Being a successor to the GATT, it follows the principles set by the GATT as well. Indeed, many of the newer policies established are a result of GATT policies that were first established in the 1940s (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). The WTO [World Trade Organization] is the successor of the GATT[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]. The WTO is at present, an organization, which has further developed various policies dealing with multilateral trade, and also has maintained and followed policies that were established under GATT. Policies that are followed under GATTinclude articles 1 and 3 under GATT 1994. The WTO upholds the GATT 1994policy, which consists of the principle of non-discrimination. These are particularly relevant to the trade relationship between China and the European Union (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). Basically, the principle of in the GATT 1944 has two main points that promote fair multilateral trade. These include the Most-Favoured Nation[MFN], which is the clause contained in GATT Article I, and the second one is the National Treatment rule that comes under Article III(Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). In accordance with Article I, Members of the WTO are not supposed to discriminate between the products of other Members and the products that are from any other country. This is especially the case with developing countries that try to promote themselves as possible. No country is supposed to have any special trading benefits with another country or discriminate against it. As a result of this, all members are believed to have equal rights, and they all have the same benefits that come of any rules for lower trade barriers (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). The MFN principle mentioned earlier, guarantees countries, whether they are developing countries or ones with little economic leverage, so that they may gain freely from the most appropriate trading conditions no matter when and where they are decided upon. The important component of non-discrimination, National Treatment, is yet another supporting factor. In accordance with Article III, once products have been launched in any market, they should be treated the same as locally produced ones (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). It must be asserted that the principle of non-discrimination is the central rule around which the rules of the multilateral trading system are established. Another consideration that might be brought into play is the fact that the WTO practically overrules the other policies and laws when it comes to sustaining trade between countries. Its policies are such that it has the power to overrule laws such as environmental-based as well. In addition to this, it is an agreement that is believed to be powerful enough to overrule government powers through imposing sanctions. Theta agreement has the power to overrule policies that prevent trade from taking place multilaterally (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001,1205). Free trade refers to an agreement whereby all member countries are allowed to conduct uninhibited trade without any barriers being imposed on them once their products are introduced in the market (Brews, etal, 1996, 27-51). The WTO mission statement asserts that the organization aims at promoting smooth and free trade through encouraging lower trade barriers. In addition to this, it also provides a platform that caters to the negotiation of trade; it helps in resolving trade disputes as well between member nations. Also, the aim of the WTO is to aid producers of goods and services, importers and exporters to carry out their businesses (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). The WTO Trading system follows the following principles in order to fulfil their mission. It asserts that: 1. A trading system is encouraged to be more competitive. 2. A trading system needs to be open and accommodating so that less developed countries are encompassed. This will provide them with more time, greater flexibility, and privileges too. 3. A trading system needs to be free of discrimination in order to prevent one country from discriminating against another country or against foreign products or services. 4. A trading system should not have barriers that inhibit it from trading freely. 5. A trading system needs to be predictable in a manner that foreign companies and governments can have the confidence that trade obstacles will not take place and that the markets they invest in will not suffering anyway (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). From the above, the WTO promotes a suitable environment within which businesses can be introduced, can operate, and may not be driven out of easily. It is an organization lends tremendous support to trading countries like China that has immense scope for growth. Methodology: In order to conduct a study and answer the above research question, there is need to understand what can be deciphered from the matter reviewed. The matter reviewed will essentially consist of authentic material that is concerned with the relationship between China and the European Union, and also what the WTO principles state regarding the trade relations between these two sides. The literature review will reanalysed thoroughly so as to expose the underlying answer to the research question. For this study, there will be a qualitative as well as a quantitative method employed. This means that in addition to the literature review that would serve as a good amount of data, a survey will also be conducted and analysed. The survey will consist of 10 questions and 50participants randomly selected. This data obtained through the survey will be compared with the reviewed literature in order to determine whether opinions coincide or not. Sources for the literature review are ones that are relative to the issue and are authentic, as they are taken from books, journals as well as official websites, newspapers and magazines. Sources used in the literature review are relevant to the area of study as well as the other relevant views that help in exploring this area of study as deeply as possible. In addition to the use of the sources mentioned above, the important factors belonging to field studied here are obtained from other studies and presentations, which means that this Isa qualitative study. This helps to bring together a wider range of opinions and facts that can be analysed from different angles. Careful analysis will be carried out in order to answer the research question. After analysing the facts presented and making use of opinions as well, the study will be concluded. Analysis Trade relations between any two regions are not only governed by principles set between them, but are also directly influenced by factors outside the relationship. This could refer to globalization-influenced communications or even political rules through organizations. The relationship between China and the European is an example of a trade relationship that is subject to external influences as well as the agreements set between the two regions. The reason why it is said that the trade relationship between China and the EU is influenced by external factors is because of the comparisons that are often made with the EUs trade relationships with other countries. Also, the fact that China is now a member of the WTO means that both trading regions are now under the WTO obligations (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 1205). However, the trade relationship between the two regions is not mitigated by the WTO. Instead, the WTO encourages a better trade relationship between the two regions. It can therefore be said that the trade relationship between the EU and China is one that is mainly influenced by the agreements that the two countries have. The history of the relationship between these trading regions plays an important role in understanding the relationship, as the relationship was strengthened over a several years and trade volumes grew proportionately as well (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 1205). The European Unions Viable Markets: Since the very beginning of the trade relationship between China and the European Union, both sides saw immense scope for exports and imports. This is because both of them realized that they had markets that needed services and products from each other. Particularly, the European members realized that they had a vast consumer market the Chinese could cater to. Chinese products and services suited Consumers because of the fact that China was able to supply in bulk and that to at a low cost. Till today this is one of the major reasons why the EU is keen on trading with them. This is in spite of the fact that there are conflicts between the two sides. The Chinese have always realized the potential in EU market through the years. They are aware of the fact that they can produce products and services that are affordable for most consumers in the European Union. They have understood the consumers in the past as well as now, and are aware of the shifts that are taking place in consumer culture. The Chinese are also well aware of how much they need to ameliorate their quality with regard to particular products and services. They know that there is an affluent market to cater to in addition to the average consumer who would settle for more affordable products produced in China. Since the general impression of China has been that they produce low quality products in bulk, the Chinese are changing that image now. They know that a significant portion of the EU market has affluent individuals who want quality products. China knows that it is in apposition to produce this quality for a small sacrifice. They will lower their margin of profit in order to achieve this, and would still be able to make profits that are more than what other countries can do. In addition to being aware of their capability and how much they can do to withhold significant portions of the EU market, the Chinese also know that there is a portion of the EU market that is willing to explore newer brands. This is something that would help them create a better image for themselves. As mentioned above, many believe that China produces low quality goods. However, with a significant portion of the EU market being curious enough to explore new products, gives China a good opportunity to ameliorate its image as a country that produces quality goods (Kong, 2001, 1181-214). This is the case with the textile and clothing products that China produces. It has aimed at producing better quality in recent times, but may also have low quality as well because the change is still in progress. Demand for Chinese Textile and Clothing Since it Entered the WTO: Since it entered the WTO in 2001, Chinas textile and clothing products have been in demand in both, the USA and the EU. The fact that they have improved their quality and because they are cheaper than the same products supplied by other countries, puts them ahead (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421446). In addition to this, there arent many countries that can produce goods in the quantity that China can [Table3 reflects the increased number of employed individuals in China].However, China is flooding the market with its textile and clothing products, and this is a significant degree of concern for developed countries like the USA and the EU. The EU in particular has objected tithe manner in which their market has been flooded and the manner in which their domestic producers are being hurt. This is the reason why they are now imposing quotas on Chinese textile and clothing exports. Quotas that previously applied to Chinese exports to the EU were removed in order to ameliorate trade between the two regions. This waste make trade more prosperous, and it certainly did help the trade volumes increase significantly. However, after 2001, when China entered the WTO, Chinese textile and clothing products were welcomed to such an extent that they flooded the EU market. This is the reason why the EU has decided to re-impose quotas on Chinese textile and clothing exports to the EU (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421446). Many object to the EU re-imposing quotas that bring back the effects of tariffs and trade obstacles between China and the EU. They believe that it is unfair and that the EU is abandoning its commitment to trade under the WTO rules. Here, it is important to include what the WTO rules assert regarding such a situation where the EU has attempted to mitigate textile and clothing exports from China to the EU (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421446). Is the European Union Violating WTO Principles? In view of the WTO principles, it is clear that member countries are not supposed to discriminate against any products or member countries. In addition to this, it is said that no member me provide advantages intrude over other member countries. This is something that the EU has done with China in the past. No country is supposed to have any special trading benefits with another country or discriminate against it. As a result of this, all members are believed to have equal rights, and they all have the same benefits that come of any rules for lower trade barriers (Rose, 2004, 98-114). Though providing China with trade advantages was done with the intention of promoting better trade between the two regions, it violates the rights of other WTO members. Since no member of the WTO is allowed to have any special trading benefits with another country or discriminate against it, they all have equal rights, and they all have the same benefits that come of any rules for lower trade barriers(Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). If advantages were to be provided to trading partners, they should have been provided to all trading partners that were trading the same commodity to the EU. However, in view of the long relationship that China enjoyed with the EU, and the fact that the EU saw China as amiable trade partner, the EU hoped to secure their trade relationship. Quite obviously, removing quotas from trade with China was carried outing order to maintain a long-term trade relationship. However, there have been conflicts that have taken place from time to time between China and the EU due to the volume that China manages to export to thee. The WTO obviously would not have any objection to the EU removing quotas, but to re-impose them would be considered violation of (Rose, 2004, 98-114). Clearly, it can be observed from the above points under the WTO that its in thorough favour of trade being promoted at all levels. It also aims at reducing the level of discrimination among the trading countries in order to promote more competition as well as provide opportunities to all. Can China Be Protected by the WTO if the European Union re-applies quotas? The WTO/GATT principles of non-discrimination are the chief principles of free trade, and have to a great extent aided China in its trade with the EU. It is through these principles that countries like China are able to trade freely and not be inhibited by any newer laws once they have their products in the market. The idea of the WTO asserting that countries with their products in the market being immune to newer policies by member countries is to protect them from being pushed out of the market (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). The quotas binger-imposed by the EU is an example of Chinese textile and clothing products being mitigated. The WTO protects such countries that ordinarily would be driven out of competition (Brews, et al, 1996,27-51). With its chief mission to maintain and promote competition in the market, the WTO seeks to make trading countries immune to newly introduced laws that seek to discriminate against them. This is interesting to discuss because of the fact that it is this law that thee apparently is violating. It is thought that by them re-imposing quotas on Chinese exports they are discriminating against them. Particularly, it may be pointed out that the EU is re-imposing quotas because its domestic market and producers are being hurt by the exports coming from China in large volumes. Here, it may be asserted that GATT1994, article 1 and 3 are of tremendous importance, as it is the fundamental principle of non-discrimination that the WTO enforces (Rose,2004, 98-114). To begin with, Article 1 asserts that products of member countries should not be treated differently. Alongside this, Article 3 asserts that once products from WTO members have already been introduced into the market, they cannot be removed or inhibited by laws introduced later, such as the re-imposed quotas. Is China an Exception? In asserting that the EU may have violated WTO principles of on-discrimination, it may also be remembered that there was a particular clause inserted in the WTO agreement when China entered in2001. The USA and the EU both were well aware of the rapid pace with which China could export textile and clothing products. Therefore, they needed to devise some mechanism that would prevent China from overwhelming their markets in this category. Therefore, the clause that they inserted asserted that any member has the right to impose quotas for a period of one year between 2005 and 2008. Since this was a point that the Chinese agreed on, it is difficult to say whether it is right for the EU to impose quotas. In view of the research question that asks whether it is fair and in the interests of free trade and competition for the EU to impose quotas on the Chinese textile industry, it might be asserted that the EU guilty of protectionism. To some, the EU may be guilty of protectionism. However, if it is being protective over its markets, it must be realized that it is being protective after making clear at the time when China entered the WTO agreement that it could impose quotas for a year. The Chinese after agreeing to this point should not have any objection (Rose, 2004, 98-114). Given that the Chinese entered the WTO according to their own freewill, which is supposed to protect countries like them, they find that the same agreement allows the EU to impose quotas for a year. Undoubtedly, the Chinese were aware of this part of the agreement. However, on the part of the WTOs actual mission statement, it may be asserted that it is their duty [WTOs duty] to make sure that quotas like these are nullified. This is because these quotas go against thetas major principles that are based on GATT articles 1 and 3 (Rose,2004, 98-114). Still, this argument against the quotas being re-imposed may be neutralized by the argument that the WTO was aware of Chinese exports being an exception. This is based on the fact that some Chinese exports such as the textile and clothing products are fully capable of continuing where it leaves of. This means that after a year of the quotas being applied, the Chinese textile and clothing products could continue its performance. A question that emerges from this point includes asking what would be the next move for the EU if these Chinese exports behave in the same manner and hurt the domestic producers in the EU. Inclusion of Survey Results: In view of the argument that re-imposing quotas goes against the WTOs major principles [based on GATT articles 1 and 3], the survey conducted has interesting answers worth considering [Questionnaire and Accumulated Answers in the Appendix]. According to the survey conducted, it is apparent that some individuals do not have complete faith in the WTO rules. 11 out of the 50individuals do not really believe that the WTO benefits all members equally. Whether or not the clause in the WTO applies to China in adjust manner, some individuals do not believe that it is fair because it does go against the mission statement of the WTO (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). Reinforcing the view of the 11 individuals who do not believe that WTO benefits all members equally, is the number in the survey that do not agree with quotas being re-applied. These individuals are 15 in number, and out of 50 individuals used, it may be asserted that this is significant number. It must be noted that this number was a general opinion of whether or not quotas should be re-applied whenever deemed necessary. Again here, support this figure, is the number of individuals that disagree with quotas being re-applied to Chinese textile and clothing products exported to the EU. They are 20 in number, and this again, is a significant number. In view of the above view that is generally against the concept of quotas being re-applied, the following question in the survey received somewhat unexpected figure. To the question: Do you think the Should keep on allowing Chinese textile and clothing products to flood their markets?, the answers were: YES: 15 NO: 32 Not Sure: 03. It must be pointed out here that though there is a considerably high number of individuals in the survey that are not in favour of quotas being re-applied, there are several individuals that also feel that Chinese textile and clothing products should not flood domestic markets in the EU. These figures could indicate that there might be alternative ways to sort out the problem that faces the EU domestic market. Perhaps, the EU and China could negotiate or deal with the problem in another manner instead of the EU re-imposing quotas. In addition to the above possible method of solving the problem, the individuals surveyed felt strongly about the capability of the WTO in helping developing countries like China. In answering the question: Do you think that the WTO rules are effective enough to help China and prevent quotas from being re-applied to it?, 47 answered YES. However, the following question: According to the agreement, when China entered the WTO, it allowed re-application of quotas for one-year period if its exports hurt the domestic markets in the EU. Do you think that the WTO should still intervene? 37 felt that the WTO should not intervene. This is perhaps because of the agreement that it has already made with China. However, the EU could still try and negotiate alternative methods of solving the manner in which its markets are being choked by Chinese textile and clothing products coming in to the EU markets. Conclusion In view of all that has been discussed above after reviewing pertinent literature and conducting a survey, there are conflicting opinions that may be considered. In order to put down these opinions as well as facts in the simplest manner possible, the major aspects need to be asserted. In view of the China entering the WTO, it must be first of all remembered that the entered this agreement with knowing about the clause in it that allowed members such as the USA and the EU tore-impose quotas when deemed necessary. Particular, these quotas could be re-applied in the event of domestic markets being hurt by Chinese textile and clothing products being exported to the EU and the USA. Here it is important to assert that China has in fact been expanding its trade volumes rapidly in many markets it trades in. On these grounds, China cannot oppose any quotas re-applied to it. At the same time, considering the mission statement of the WTO and the GATT principles according to which it prevents discrimination against countries like China, many believe that the WTO should intervene in this situation. However, it is argued that since this clause was part of the WTO agreement, how could it be reverted? The alternative to the situation would be for the EU to work out some agreement or negotiate with China. 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